Uburyo bwiza bwo guhitamo udupfukamunwa two kwa muganga | JINHAOCHENG
ibikoresho, hakurikijwe ibisabwa byagenwe,agapfukamunwa ko kwa muganga gakoreshwa rimweUmubiri ushobora kuyungurura uduce duto tw’ibintu. Uko agaciro kanini kaba kanini, niko urwego rwo kurinda ruri hejuru kandi imbaraga zo guhumeka zikaba nyinshi. Udupfukamunwa dushobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu, ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura buke bwa 95% ni 95%, ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura buke bwa 99 ni 99%, naho ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura buke bwa 100 ni 99.97%.
Dukurikije uburyo busanzwe bwo gushyira mu byiciro, N yashyizwe ku gapfukamunwa ihagarariye ibipimo ngenderwaho by’Abanyamerika, FFP ikaba ibipimo ngenderwaho by’i Burayi, naho KN ikaba ibipimo ngenderwaho by’Abashinwa.
Udupfukamunwa tw’i Burayi twa FFP twemewe na Komite Ishinzwe Ubuziranenge bw’Iburayi ku bikoresho birinda guhumeka. Ibipimo ngenderwaho ni ukugabanya ibikoresho birinda uduce duto mu buryo bwo kurinda uduce duto n’uburinzi bw’uturemangingo tw’amazi, bikageragezwa kandi bigashyirwa mu byiciro hakoreshejwe aerosols za NaCL (sodium chloride) na DOP (amavuta ya parafini). Inshingano ni ukwinjiza aerosols zangiza, harimo umukungugu, umwotsi, igihu, imyuka y’uburozi n’umwuka w’uburozi, nibindi binyuze mu bikoresho birinda guhumeka, bikabuza guhumeka n’abantu. Ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa birinda uduce duto duto bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu: P1 (FFP1), P2 (FFP2), na P3 (FFP3) hakurikijwe igipimo cy’ibyinjira by’uduce twapimwe. Ingaruka ntoya zo kuyungurura za FFP1 ni ≥80%, naho ingaruka ntoya zo kuyungurura za FFP2 ni ≥94%. , ingaruka ntoya zo kuyungurura za FFP3 ≥97%.
Hakurikijwe ubushobozi buke bwo kuyungurura bw'akayunguruzo
Udupfukamunwa dusanzwe two muri Amerika duhabwa amanota n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Umutekano n'Ubuzima mu Kazi (NIOSH) kubera ibikoresho byabo byo kuyungurura no gukoresha neza ibikoresho byo kuyungurura. Igipimo ngenderwaho cya American NIOSH 42CFR-84 ni cyo cyemewe cyane ku isi.
Dukurikije ibikoresho byo kuyungurura by’urwego rwo hagati rw’agapfukamunwa, hari ubwoko butatu:
N isobanura ko idakomeye ku mavuta, ishobora kurinda utunyangingo tudafite amavuta. Urugero, umwuka w'amavuta ukorwa no guteka ni utunyangingo tw'amavuta, mu gihe utunyangingo dukorwa n'abantu bavuga cyangwa bakorora atari amavuta. Muri rusange, utunyangingo tudafite amavuta bivuga ivumbi ry'amakara, ivumbi rya sima, ivumbi rya aside, mikorobe, nibindi. Mu ihumana ry'ibihumyo, utunyangingo twinshi duhagaze ntabwo ari amavuta. Utunyangingo tw'amavuta bivuga ivumbi ry'amavuta, ivumbi ry'amavuta, ivumbi rya asphalt, nibindi.
R isobanura ko idashobora guterwa n'amavuta, ishobora kurinda utunyangingo tutari amavuta n'utwo mu mazi, ariko iyo ikoreshejwe ku tunyangingo tw'amavuta, igihe cyo kuyikoresha ntikigomba kurenza amasaha 8.
P isobanura Oil Proof, ishobora kurinda utunyangingo tutari amavuta kandi dufite amavuta menshi. Ugereranyije n'uruhererekane rwa R, uruhererekane rwa P rushobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire, bitewe n'icyapa cy'uwakoze.
Muri ubu buryo, biroroshye kumva icyo mask ya N95 ari cyo. Maske ya N95 ipimwa hakoreshejwe uduce twa sodium chloride ya mikorone 0.3, kandi igipimo cy'umugozi kigomba kuba kiri hejuru ya 95%. Iyo isura y'uwambaye ipimwa ko ifunze neza, byemezwa ko umwuka ushobora kwinjira no gusohoka unyuze muri mask iyo iri hafi y'inkombe y'isura. Inomero y'impamyabushobozi ya N95 itangwa kuri iki kizamini.
KN ni igipimo ngenderwaho cy’Abashinwa, kandi uburyo bwo kuyimenya ni bumwe n’ubwo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Dukurikije igipimo ngenderwaho cya GB2626-2006 cyo mu gihugu cyanjye, udupfukamunwa tugabanyijemo ibyiciro bya KN na KP. KN bivuze udupfukamunwa tubereye kuyungurura uduce tutari amavuta, naho KP bivuze udupfukamunwa tubereye kuyungurura uduce tutari amavuta. Kandi uduce tutari amavuta. Umubare ukurikira inyuguti ugaragaza urwego rwo kurinda agapfukamunwa, niko umubare uba munini.
Ni gute urwego rw'uburinzi rwahindurwa hagati y'udupfukamunwa dutatu dusanzwe? Birumvikana ko EU FFP ishobora kuyungurura uduce tutari amavuta n'utundi duto icyarimwe, mu gihe N na KN muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Bushinwa bishobora kuyungurura uduce tutari amavuta gusa.
Bityo rero, formula y'ingaruka zabo zo kurinda ni: FFP3>FFP2=N95=KN95>KN90
1. Udupfukamunwa dusanzwe two kwa muganga dukoreshwa mu kuziba udupfukamunwa dusohoka mu kanwa no mu mazuru, kandi dushobora gukoreshwa mu kwita ku isuku rimwe gusa mu buvuzi busanzwe bufite uburinzi buke. Dukwiriye ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi rusange, nko gusukura, gutegura amazi, gusukura ibitanda, nibindi, cyangwa kurinda utundi dukoko tutari utw’udukoko twanduza indwara nk’intanga.
Akamaro gakomeye k'udupfukamunwa 95 ni ugukumira no kugenzura ikwirakwira ry'indwara zikomeye z'ubuhumekero, nka SARS cyangwa grippe hamwe n'icyorezo cya coronavirus nshya. Ushobora guhitamo udupfukamunwa twanditseho KN95, N95, FFP2 n'ibindi bipimo biri hejuru y'ibyo.
2. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko mu byiciro byagenwe mbere, udupfukamunwa two kubaga ntabwo ari bibi kurusha udupfukamunwa twa KN95/N95 mu kwirinda ibicurane. Zhong Nanshan, umuyobozi w'itsinda ry'impuguke zo ku rwego rwo hejuru rya Komisiyo y'Igihugu y'Ubuzima mu kurwanya SARS, na we yagize ati: "Mu by'ukuri, si ngombwa kwambara udupfukamunwa twa N95. Udupfukamunwa dusanzwe dushobora kubuza ibitonyanga byinshi byuzuyemo virusi kwinjira mu nzira y'ubuhumekero no gukumira coronavirus nshya. Ni ingirakamaro kwambara udupfukamunwa." Niba rero udashobora kugura udupfukamunwa twa N95, ushobora guhitamo udupfukamunwa two kubaga dusanzwe.
5. Udupfukamunwa twa KN95/N95 tugabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri, bumwe ni ubwo guhumeka mu buryo bw'umubiri n'ubundi ni ubwo guhumeka mu mukungugu.
Urwego rwabo rwo kwirinda ni rumwe, ariko amahame agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa aratandukanye. Igipimo ngenderwaho cya masks zirinda ubuzima (KN95 y'ubuvuzi) ni GB19083-2010 "Ibisabwa mu bya tekiniki ku masks zirinda ubuzima", ikoreshwa mu nganda z'ubuvuzi n'iz'ubuzima, nko mu bigo birinda icyorezo, mu bitaro, no mu bigo birwanya indwara. Imashini ifasha guhumeka ivumbi (KN95) ishyira mu bikorwa igipimo ngenderwaho cya GB2626-2006 "Ibikoresho bifasha guhumeka byiyungurura birwanya udukoko", gikoreshwa mu nganda nko gucukura amakara, gutunganya peteroli, gucukura amabuye y'agaciro n'izindi nganda n'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro.
Niba uyikoresha ahantu hasanzwe, ushobora guhitamo agapfukamunwa ka KN95 (cyangwa N95 niba ari agapfukamunwa k’Abanyamerika) ka GB2626-2006. Niba ari ikigo cy’ubuvuzi cyangwa gukorana n’abantu banduye, ni ngombwa kwirinda kuguruka bitewe n’amazi yo mu mubiri w’umurwayi cyangwa amaraso ye. Niba wanduye ifuro, ugomba gukoresha udupfukamunwa twa KN95 dushyira mu bikorwa agapfukamunwa ka GB19083-2010.
Muri make, mu gace gafite ibyago byinshi, udupfukamunwa dushobora gukumira indwara z'ubuhumekero neza ni udupfukamunwa two kwa muganga n'udupfukamunwa two kubaga kwa muganga. Udupfukamunwa two kwa muganga, tuzwi kandi ku izina rya KN95 yo kwa muganga, dukwiriye gukoreshwa n'abakozi bo kwa muganga mu bitaro bivura umuriro, mu byumba byo kwa muganga, no mu barwayi bemewe iyo bimuriwe ahandi. Udupfukamunwa two kubaga kwa muganga dukwiriye kwambarwa n'abakekwaho kwandura. Twambarwa n'abakozi bashinzwe gutwara abantu n'abagenzi, tagisi, abashoferi, abakozi b'isuku, n'abakozi bashinzwe serivisi ahantu hahurira abantu benshi.
Shyiramo ingamba zo kwirinda gukoresha udupfukamunwa:
1. Iyo ikoreshejwe mu kurinda utunyangingo tw’amavuta, igihe cyo gukoresha mu buryo bw’itsinda rya R ntikirenza amasaha 8 icyarimwe; igihe cyo gukoresha mu buryo bw’itsinda rya P ntikirenza amasaha 40, cyangwa igihe cyo gukoresha mu buryo bw’itsinda kigera ku minsi 30 uhereye igihe cyatangiriye, icyo ari cyo cyose cyaba kigeze mbere.
2. Udupfukamunwa two kwirinda ntidushobora kozwa n'amazi, kuko gukaraba n'amazi byangiza ibikoresho bya filter n'imiterere ya mask; niba idahumanye cyangwa yangiritse, kandi yujuje ibisabwa mu isuku, ishobora kongera gukoreshwa.
3. Agapfukamunwa ka N95 si ikirango cyangwa ikirango cy’ibicuruzwa. N95 ni cyo gisabwa ku rwego rwo hasi cyane na NIOSH (Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Umutekano n’Ubuzima mu Kazi) kugira ngo ibikoresho byo guhumeka birwanya uduce duto by’akazi byo muri Amerika bishobore kuyungurura neza. Ubuhanga bwo kuyungurura bw’uduce duto (nk’umukungugu, irangi, aside, mikorobe, nibindi) ni nibura 95%.
4. Uko iyo mask irushaho kuyungurura, ni ko irushaho kudahumeka neza. Kubwibyo, kwambara mask ya N95 igihe kirekire si byiza ku mubiri, bityo ntuzambare igihe kirekire.
5. Ku bijyanye n'inshuro zo gusimbuza udupfukamunwa, nta mwanzuro usobanutse neza uraboneka, kandi igihugu cyanjye ntikirashyiraho amabwiriza ajyanye n'igihe cyo gukoresha udupfukamunwa. Abashakashatsi bamwe bakoze ubushakashatsi bujyanye n'uburyo bwo kwirinda no kwambara udupfukamunwa twa KN95. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko udupfukamunwa twa KN95 twambarwa iminsi 2, ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura buracyari hejuru ya 95%, ubushobozi bwo guhumeka burahinduka gato, kandi ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura bugabanuka bukagera kuri 94.7% nyuma yo kwambara iminsi 3.
1.Ni kangahe agapfukamunwa ko kwa muganga gahindurwa
3.Gukoresha agapfukamunwa katari ko bivuze ko nta kwirinda agapfukamunwa ka N95
4.Ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa ry'udupfukamunwa dukoreshwa rimwe
5.Uburyo bwo gukuraho no kujugunya agapfukamunwa kakoreshejwe
6.Uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibyiza n'ibibi by'udupfukamunwa two kubaga dukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye
7.Ni iki nkwiye kwitaho iyo nambaye agapfukamunwa gakoreshwa mu gihe cyo kwambara
