Chiyambi, mitundu ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nsalu Zosalukidwa | JINHAOCHENG

Kodi ndi chiyaninsalu yosalukidwa? Nsalu yopanda ulusindi nsalu yofanana ndi nsalu yopangidwa ndi ulusi wofunikira (waufupi) ndi ulusi wautali (wopitirira kutalika), wolumikizidwa pamodzi ndi mankhwala a mankhwala, makina, kutentha kapena zosungunulira. Mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga nsalu kutanthauza nsalu, monga felt, zomwe sizilukidwa kapena kuluka. Zipangizo zina zopanda ulusi sizili ndi mphamvu zokwanira pokhapokha zitakulungidwa kapena kulimbikitsidwa ndi chogwirira. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zopanda ulusi zakhala njira ina m'malo mwa thovu la polyurethane.

Zida zogwiritsira ntchito

Polyester ndi ulusi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku United States; olefin ndi nayiloni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo, ndipo thonje ndi rayon zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamwa. Acrylic, acetate, ndi vinyon zina zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Ulusi umasankhidwa potengera mawonekedwe awo ndi magwiridwe antchito omwe amayembekezeredwa pakugwiritsa ntchito. Ulusi watsopano, wapamwamba kwambiri ndi womwe umakondedwa kuposa ulusi wogwiritsidwanso ntchito kapena wokonzedwanso. Ulusi wofunikira ndi ulusi wa filament umagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo n'zotheka kusakaniza ulusi wautali wosiyana komanso ulusi wa magulu osiyanasiyana. Kusankha ulusi kumadalira chinthu chomwe chaperekedwa, chisamaliro chomwe chimaperekedwa nthawi zambiri, komanso kulimba komwe kumayembekezeredwa kapena komwe kumafunidwa. Monga momwe zimakhalira popanga nsalu zonse, mtengo wa ulusi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wofunikira, chifukwa umakhudza mtengo wa chinthu chomaliza.

Makhalidwe Amipukutu ya nsalu yosalukidwa

1. Kapangidwe kake ka nsalu yosalukidwa kamadalira kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawonekedwe ake ndi yosiyana.
2. Mawonekedwe a nsalu zosalukidwa angakhale ngati pepala, ngati nsalu yooneka ngati ya nsalu yolukidwa, kapena ofanana ndi a nsalu zolukidwa.
3. Angakhale ndi dzanja lofewa komanso lolimba, kapena akhoza kukhala olimba, olimba, kapena aakulu komanso osasinthasintha kwambiri.
4. Zingakhale zoonda ngati pepala lopaka kapena zokhuthala kangapo.
5. Zingakhalenso zowala kapena zosawoneka bwino.
6. Kufooka kwawo kungayambire pa kung'ambika kochepa komanso kulimba kwambiri mpaka kulimba kwambiri.
7. Zitha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito guluu, chomangira kutentha, kapena kusoka.
8. Kupindika kwa nsalu zamtunduwu kumasiyana kuyambira zabwino mpaka zopanda ntchito konse.
9. Nsalu zina zimatha kutsukidwa bwino kwambiri; zina sizitha kutsukidwa. Zina zimatha kutsukidwa ndi madzi.

mitundu ya nsalu zosalukidwa

Nazi mitundu inayi ikuluikulu ya zinthu zosalukidwa: Spunbound/Spunlace, Airlaid, Drylaid ndi Wetlaid. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mitundu ikuluikulu iyi.
Mitundu inayi yayikulu komanso yodziwika bwino ya zinthu zosalukidwa ndi iyi:

1. Kuzungulira/Kuzungulira.
2. Wokwera ndege.
3. Drylaid. (Malo Ouma).
4. Madzi Onyowa

Spunbound/Spunlace

Nsalu zopindika zimapangidwa mwa kuika ulusi wopindika, wopindika pa lamba wosonkhanitsira zinthu mwanjira yofanana mosasintha kutsatiridwa ndi kumangirira ulusi. Ulusiwo umalekanitsidwa panthawi yoyika ukonde ndi ma air jets kapena ma electrostatic charges. Ntchito yosonkhanitsira nthawi zambiri imabowoledwa kuti mpweya usapatuke ndikunyamula ulusiwo mosasamala. Kugwirizanitsa kumapatsa mphamvu ndi umphumphu ku ukonde mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mipukutu yotentha kapena singano zotentha kuti zisungunuke pang'ono polima ndikugwirizanitsa ulusiwo. Popeza kuti ma molecular orientation amawonjezera malo osungunuka, ulusi womwe sunakokedwe kwambiri ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ulusi womangirira kutentha. Polyethelene kapena random ethylene-propylene copolymers amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo omangirira otsika.

Zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsalu zozungulira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makapeti, zinthu zomangira, ndi zinthu zotayidwa zachipatala/ukhondo, zinthu zamagalimoto, zomangamanga ndi zinthu zolongedza.
Njira yopangira nsalu zopanda nsalu za Spunbound nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika mtengo chifukwa kupanga nsalu kumaphatikizidwa ndi kupanga ulusi.

Mphepo

Njira yopumira ndi njira yopanda ulusi yomwe imafalikira mumtsinje woyenda mwachangu ndikuuphatikiza pa sikirini yoyenda pogwiritsa ntchito kupanikizika kapena vacuum.

Nsalu zolumikizidwa ndi mpweya zimapangidwa ndi matabwa ndipo zimakhala ndi chibadwa choyamwa bwino. Zitha kusakanizidwa ndi gawo linalake la SAP kuti ziwongolere mphamvu zake zoyamwa madzi. Zolumikizidwa ndi mpweya zosalukidwa zimatchedwanso mapepala ouma osalukidwa. Zosagwirizana zimapangidwa kudzera mu njira yolumikizira mpweya. Kutumiza matabwawo mu mtolo wa mpweya kuti ulusi utuluke ndi kusonkhana pa ukonde woyandama. Zolumikizidwa ndi mpweya zosalukidwa zimalimbikitsidwa ndi ukonde.

Zinthu zosalukidwa ndi airlaid zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo; kuphatikiza zovala, zinthu zachipatala ndi zaukhondo, nsalu ndi zosefera.

Drylaid

Mawende ouma amapangidwa makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wofunikira wachilengedwe kapena wopangidwa ndi anthu. Kupanga mawende ouma kumaphatikizapo magawo anayi:
Kukonzekera ulusi wofunikira --> Kutsegula, kuyeretsa, kusakaniza ndi kusakaniza --> Kuyika makadi --> Kuyika maukonde.

Ubwino wa kupanga nsalu zopanda nsalu zouma ndi monga; Kapangidwe ka ukonde ka isotropic, maukonde otambalala amatha kupangidwa komanso ulusi wosiyanasiyana wotha kukonzedwa monga zachilengedwe, zopangidwa, galasi, chitsulo ndi kaboni.

Zinthu zosalukidwa ndi nsalu zouma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri kuyambira zopukutira zodzoladzola ndi matewera a ana mpaka zinthu zosefera zakumwa.

Madzi Onyowa

Zinthu zosalukidwa ndi zinthu zosalukidwa zopangidwa ndi njira yosinthira yopangira mapepala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ulusi wogwiritsidwa ntchito umapachikidwa m'madzi. Cholinga chachikulu cha kupanga zinthu zosalukidwa ndi kupanga zinthu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nsalu, makamaka kusinthasintha ndi mphamvu, mofulumira kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kupanga mapepala.

Makina apadera a mapepala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa madzi ndi ulusi kuti apange pepala lofanana la nsalu, lomwe kenako limalumikizidwa ndikuumitsidwa. Mu makampani opanga ma roll good, 5 -10% ya nsalu zopanda ulusi zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wonyowa.

Wetlaid imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zina mwa zinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosaluka ndi monga; Pepala la thumba la tiyi, nsalu za nkhope, Shingling ndi pepala la ulusi wopangidwa.

Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino ya zinthu zopanda nsalu ndi monga: Composite, Meltblown, Carded/Carding, Needle punch, Thermal bonded, Chemical bonded ndi Nanotechnology.

MapulogalamuNsalu Zosalukidwa

Popeza izi sizimakhudza kwambiri mankhwala, komanso sizimawononga chilengedwe, zimasankhidwa ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

1, Ulimi

Nsalu zosalukidwa izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuchotsa udzu, kuteteza gawo lapamwamba la nthaka panthawi ya kukokoloka kwa nthaka, komanso kusunga munda wanu woyera komanso wopanda fumbi. Pakakhala kukokoloka kwa nthaka, geotextile yosalukidwa, imagwira ntchito ngati fyuluta, yomwe simalola nthaka kudutsa, motero imateteza munda wanu kapena famu yanu kuti isataye gawo lake la chonde. Nsalu za geotextile zimaperekanso chitetezo ku chisanu kwa mbande zazing'ono, komanso zomera zomwe sizingathe kupirira nyengo yozizira.
· Chitetezo ku kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo: zophimba mbewu
· Chitetezo cha kutentha: mabulangeti a mbewu
· Kuletsa udzu: nsalu zotchinga zomwe sizilowa madzi
Nsalu yoteteza mbewu, nsalu ya ana okulirapo, nsalu yothirira, makatani oteteza kutentha ndi zina zotero.
Ulimi: chophimba zomera;

2, Makampani

M'mafakitale ambiri, geotextile yosalukidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotetezera kutentha, zophimba, komanso ngati zosefera. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zabwino zokoka, amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'mafakitale.
2-1, nsalu zopanda nsalu za mafakitale
Zipangizo zolimbitsa, zipangizo zopukutira, zipangizo zosefera, zipangizo zotetezera kutentha, matumba a simenti, ma geotextiles, nsalu zophimba ndi zina zotero.
2-2, Magalimoto ndi Mayendedwe
Zokongoletsa zamkati: zoyikamo nsapato, mashelufu a phukusi, zophimba mitu, zophimba mipando, zophimba pansi, zophimba kumbuyo ndi mphasa, zosinthira thovu.
Chotetezera kutentha: zotchingira utsi ndi kutentha kwa injini, zotchingira ma bonnet, zotchingira silencer.
Magwiridwe antchito a galimoto: zosefera mafuta ndi mpweya, mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi (mapanelo a thupi), mabuleki a ndege.

3, makampani omanga

Zogulitsa zomwe zili m'gululi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba komanso nsalu zambiri. Ntchito zake zikuphatikizapo;
· Kuteteza kutentha ndi chinyezi: denga ndi matailosi, kutentha ndi kutchinjiriza phokoso
· Kapangidwe ka nyumba: Maziko ndi kukhazikika kwa nthaka

4. Ntchito zapakhomo

Zokolola mu gawoli nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosefera ndipo zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kugwiritsa ntchito;

1. Maswiti/ma mopu
2. Matumba otsukira vacuum
3. Nsalu zochapira
4. Zosefera za kukhitchini ndi mafani
5. Matumba a tiyi ndi khofi
6. Zosefera za khofi
7. Ma tapuleti ndi nsalu za patebulo

Kapangidwe ka mipando: Zotetezera manja ndi kumbuyo, zokokera mapilo, zolumikizira, zolimbitsa ulusi, zipangizo zokongoletsa m'mphepete, ndi mipando.
Kapangidwe ka zofunda: Chophimba kumbuyo kwa malaya, zinthu zomangira matiresi, zophimba matiresi.
Zipangizo: makatani a pawindo, zophimba pakhoma ndi pansi, zophimba makapeti, zophimba nyali

5, zovala zimagwiritsa ntchito nsalu zosalukidwa

nsalu zomatira, nsalu zomatira, ma flakes, thonje lopangidwa ndi anthu ena, mitundu yonse ya nsalu zopangidwa ndi chikopa ndi zina zotero.
· Chitetezo Chaumwini: kutchinjiriza kutentha, moto, kuswa, kubaya, kuwononga zinthu, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, fumbi, mankhwala oopsa ndi zoopsa zamoyo, zovala zogwirira ntchito zowoneka bwino kwambiri.

6, Mankhwala ndi Zaumoyo

Mu makampani azachipatala ndi azaumoyo, ma geotextile osalukidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chifukwa amatha kutsukidwa mosavuta. Ma geotextile amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga masks ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zopukutira zonyowa, masks, matewera, zovala za opaleshoni ndi zina zotero.
Zokolola m'gawoli nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotayidwa ndipo zimaphatikizapo;
· Kuletsa Matenda (opaleshoni): zipewa zotayidwa, malaya, zophimba nkhope ndi zophimba nsapato,
· Kuchiritsa Mabala: masiponji, zophimba ndi zopukutira.
· Mankhwala: Kutumiza mankhwala opangidwa ndi transdermal, mapaketi otentha

7, Geosynthetics

1. Kuphimba ndi asphalt
2. Kukhazikika kwa nthaka
3. Madzi otayira madzi
4. Kuwononga nthaka ndi kuletsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka
5. Mabotolo a dziwe

8, kusefera

Zosefera mpweya ndi gasi
Madzi - mafuta, mowa, mkaka, zoziziritsira madzi, madzi a zipatso….
Zosefera za kaboni zoyendetsedwa

Chiyambi ndi Ubwino wa nsalu yosalukidwa

Chiyambi cha nsalu zopanda nsalu si chokongola. Ndipotu, izi zinachokera ku kubwezeretsanso zinyalala za ulusi kapena ulusi wachiwiri wabwino womwe unatsala kuchokera ku mafakitale monga kuluka kapena kukonza chikopa. Zinachokeranso ku zoletsa zopangira mwachitsanzo panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso pambuyo pake kapena pambuyo pake m'maiko omwe anali olamulidwa ndi chikomyunizimu ku Central Europe. Chiyambi chodzichepetsa komanso chodulachi chimabweretsa zolakwika zina zaukadaulo ndi malonda; komanso makamaka chifukwa cha malingaliro awiri olakwika okhudza nsalu zopanda nsalu: zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zotchipa (zotsika mtengo); ambiri amawagwirizanitsa ndi zinthu zotayidwa ndipo pachifukwa chimenecho ankaona zinthu zopanda nsalu ngati zinthu zotsika mtengo komanso zotsika mtengo.

Si nsalu zonse zopanda nsalu zomwe zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotayidwa. Gawo lalikulu la ntchito yopangirayi ndi yolimba, monga zomangira padenga, zophimba padenga, zophimba pansi, zamagalimoto kapena zophimba pansi ndi zina zotero. Komabe, nsalu zambiri zopanda nsalu makamaka zopepuka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotayidwa kapena zophatikizidwa mu zinthu zotayidwa. M'malingaliro athu, ichi ndiye chizindikiro chachikulu cha magwiridwe antchito. Kutayidwa kumatha kuchitika kokha pazinthu zotsika mtengo zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri makhalidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito ofunikira ndikuzipereka popanda zinthu zosafunikira.

Zinthu zambiri zopanda ulusi, kaya zotayidwa kapena ayi, ndi zinthu zaukadaulo wapamwamba, zogwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri kapena zosungira zopukutira, kapena zofewa, zopindika komanso zopanda madzi m'mbuyo mwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zaukhondo, zokhala ndi zotchinga zabwino kwambiri pa ntchito zachipatala m'chipinda chochitira opaleshoni, kapena njira zabwino zosefera chifukwa cha kukula kwa ma pores ndi kufalikira kwawo, ndi zina zotero. Sizinapangidwe ndi cholinga chotayidwa koma kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zina. Zimakhala zotayidwa chifukwa cha magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito (ukhondo, chisamaliro chaumoyo) komanso mtengo wake wotsika. Ndipo kutaya nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa phindu lina kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Popeza zinthu zotayidwa sizinagwiritsidwepo ntchito kale, pali chitsimikizo chakuti zili ndi zinthu zonse zofunika m'malo mwa nsalu zotsukidwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito.