Ni ikiumwenda utari uwo kuboha? Igitambaro kidaboshyeni ibikoresho bimeze nk'imyenda bikozwe mu migozi migufi (migufi) n'imigozi miremire (ikomeza kuba miremire), bihuzwa n'imiti, imashini, ubushyuhe cyangwa imiti isukura. Iri jambo rikoreshwa mu nganda zikora imyenda kugira ngo ryereke imyenda, nk'imyenda yo mu bwoko bwa felt, idafunze cyangwa ngo ibohe. Ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bidafunze bitagira imbaraga zihagije keretse bifunze cyangwa bikomejwe n'inyuma. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ibikoresho bidafunze byahindutse ikindi kintu gisimbura ifuro rya polyurethane.
Ibikoresho by'ibanze
Polyester ni yo fibre ikoreshwa cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika; olefin na nylon bikoreshwa kugira ngo bikomere, naho ipamba na rayon bikoreshwa mu kwinjiza ibintu. Hari acrylic, acetate, na vinyon bikoreshwa.
Fibre zitoranywa hashingiwe ku miterere yazo n'imikorere yazo itegerejwe mu ikoreshwa ryazo. Fibre nshya, nziza cyane ni zo zikundwa kurusha fibre zikoreshwa cyangwa zisubiwemo. Fibre zose zikoreshwa, kandi birashoboka kuvanga fibre z'uburebure butandukanye ndetse n'fibre z'amatsinda atandukanye. Guhitamo fibre biterwa n'umusaruro utangwa, ubwitonzi busanzwe buhabwa, ndetse n'uburambe bwitezwe cyangwa bwifuzwa. Nk'uko bigenda mu gukora imyenda yose, igiciro cy'imipira ikoreshwa ni ingenzi, kuko bigira ingaruka ku giciro cy'umusaruro wa nyuma.
Ibirangaimizingo y'imyenda idaboshye
- Imiterere yihariye y'imyenda idafunze iterwa n'uruvange rw'ibintu mu ikorwa ryayo. Imiterere yayo ni myinshi.
- Isura y'imyenda idafunze ishobora kuba isa n'impapuro, isa n'iy'imyenda ifunze cyangwa isa n'iy'imyenda ifunze.
- Bishobora kuba bifite ukuboko koroshye kandi gukomeye, cyangwa bikaba bikomeye, cyangwa mu buryo bwagutse kandi bidafite ubushobozi bwo kugororoka.
- Bishobora kuba bito cyane nk'impapuro z'inyama cyangwa bikagira ubunini inshuro nyinshi.
- Nanone zishobora kuba zibonerana cyangwa zitagaragara neza.
- Ubushobozi bwazo bwo gupfundika bushobora kuva ku gupfundika guke no gucika kugeza ku mbaraga zo gupfundika cyane.
- Bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe kole, gufunga ubushyuhe, cyangwa kudoda.
- Uburyo ubwoko bw'imyenda buhinduka butandukanye kuva ku bwiza kugeza ku budasa.
- Imyenda imwe ishobora kumeswa neza cyane, indi ntayo ifite. Imwe ishobora gusukurwa yumye.
ubwoko bw'imyenda idafunze
Dore ubwoko bune bw'ingenzi bw'ibicuruzwa bidaboshye: Spunbound/Spunlace, Airlaid, Drylaid na Wetlaid. Iyi nkuru ivuga ku bwoko bw'ingenzi mu buryo burambuye.
Ubwoko bune bw'ingenzi kandi bukunze gukoreshwa bw'ibicuruzwa bidaboha ni:
- Ipfundo/Ipfundo.
- Indege.
- Ifuro ry'umukara.
- Ikibaya cy'amazi
Spunbound/Spunlace
Imyenda iboshye ikorwa binyuze mu gushyira uduce twasohowe, twazungurutse ku mukandara wo gukusanya mu buryo bumwe butunguranye, hanyuma hagakurikiraho guhuza uduce. Uduce dutandukanywa mu gihe cyo gushyiraho urubuga hakoreshejwe indege z'umwuka cyangwa ingufu za electrostatic. Serivisi yo gukusanya ubusanzwe itobora kugira ngo wirinde ko umwuka utembera no gutwara uduce mu buryo butagenzuwe. Guhuza bitanga imbaraga n'ubuziranenge ku rubuga binyuze mu gushyira imigozi ishyushye cyangwa inshinge zishyushye kugira ngo polymer ishonge igice kimwe kandi ihuze imigozi. Kubera ko imiterere ya molekile yongera aho ishongesha, uduce tudakururwa cyane dushobora gukoreshwa nk'uduce duhuza ubushyuhe. Polyethelene cyangwa copolymer za ethylene-propylene zikoreshwa nk'ahantu ho guhuza hasi.
Ibikoresho bikozwe mu buryo bwa "spinbound" bikoreshwa mu gupfunyika tapi, ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa "geotextile", n'ibikoresho byo mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi/isuku bishobora gukoreshwa, ibikoresho by'imodoka, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi n'ibipakiye.
Uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bidakozwe mu buryo bwa Spunbound bukunda guhenda cyane kuko gukora imyenda bihuzwa n'ikorwa ry'imigozi.
Indege
Uburyo bwo gushyiramo umwuka ni uburyo bwo gukora urushundura rudapfundikiye runyura mu mugezi wihuta hanyuma rukarushyira ku gikoresho cyimuka binyuze mu gitutu cyangwa ifu.
Imyenda ikozwe mu buryo bw'umwuka igizwe ahanini n'udupira tw'ibiti kandi ifite imiterere yo gukurura neza. Ishobora kuvangwa n'ikigereranyo runaka cya SAP kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukurura amazi. Udupira tw'umwuka ukozwe mu buryo bw'umwuka utari uboshye. Udupira tw'ibiti dukorwa binyuze mu nzira yo gukurura umwuka. Udupira tw'ibiti dushyirwa mu gipfunyika cy'umwuka kugira ngo udupira dukwirakwire kandi duhuze ku rushundura rurerure. Udupira tw'umwuka ukozwe mu buryo bw'umwuka ukomerezwa n'urushundura.
Ibikoresho bidakozwe mu buryo bw'umwuka bikoreshwa mu bicuruzwa bitandukanye mu nganda zitandukanye harimo; imyenda, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi n'isuku, ibikoresho byo kuboha n'ibikoresho byo kuyungurura.
Indabyo zo mu bwoko bwa Drylaid
Ubuso bwumye bukozwe ahanini hakoreshejwe insinga zisanzwe cyangwa zikozwe n'abantu. Ubuso bwumye bugizwe ahanini n'intambwe 4:
Gutegura fibre z'ibirungo --> Gufungura, gusukura, kuvanga no kuvanga --> Gushyiramo amakarita --> Gushyiramo imbuga.
Ibyiza byo gukora imbunda zidakozwe mu buryo bwa Drylaid birimo; Imiterere ya isotropic y'ubudodo, ubudodo bunini bushobora gukorwa hamwe n'ubwoko bwinshi bw'ubudodo bushobora gutunganywa nk'ubusanzwe, ubwa sintetike, ikirahure, icyuma na karuboni.
Ibikoresho bidakozwe mu buryo bw'umukara bikoreshwa n'ibindi bikoresho bitandukanye, kuva ku bitambaro byo kwisiga n'amashereka y'abana kugeza ku bicuruzwa biyungurura ibinyobwa.
Ikibaya cy'amazi
Imashini zidafunze neza ni imashini zidafunze neza zikozwe mu buryo bwo gukora impapuro bwahinduwe. Ni ukuvuga ko insinga zikoreshwa ziba zishyizwe mu mazi. Intego nyamukuru y'inganda zidafunze neza ni ugukora inyubako zifite imiterere y'imyenda, cyane cyane iyoroshye kandi ikomeye, ku muvuduko ungana n'uwo zikorana mu gukora impapuro.
Imashini zihariye zikoresha impapuro zikoreshwa mu gutandukanya amazi n'imigozi kugira ngo hakorwe urupapuro rumwe rw'ibikoresho, hanyuma rugafatanywa hanyuma rukanumishwa. Mu nganda zikora akazi ko gushushanya, 5-10% by'imyenda idafunze ikorwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ritose.
Wetlaid ikoreshwa mu nganda n'ibicuruzwa bitandukanye. Bimwe mu bicuruzwa bikunze gukoreshwa mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ritari iryaboshye birimo; Impapuro z'icyayi, imyenda yo mu maso, Shingling n'impapuro za fibre za synthetic.
Izindi nyoni zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu kudoda zirimo: Composite, Meltblown, Carded/Carding, Needle Punch, Thermal Bonded, Chemical Bonded na Nanotechnology.
Porogaramuy'imyenda idakozwe mu budodo
Kubera ko ibi bitagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije, kandi bikaba bitangiza ibidukikije, bitoranywa n'inganda zitandukanye.
1, Ubuhinzi
Iyi myenda idafunze ikoreshwa cyane mu gukuraho ibyatsi bibi, kurinda urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubutaka mu gihe cy'isuri, no kubungabunga ubusitani bwawe busukuye kandi butagira ivumbi. Iyo habayeho isuri, geotextile idafunze, ikora nk'akayunguruzo, katazareka ubutaka bunyuramo, bityo ikarinda ubusitani bwawe cyangwa ubuhinzi bwawe gutakaza urwego rw'uburumbuke. Imyenda ya geotextile kandi irinda ubukonje ku mbuto nto, ndetse no ku bimera bidashobora kwihanganira ubukonje.
· Ubwirinzi bw'udukoko twangiza imyaka: ibipfukisho by'ibihingwa
· Uburinzi bw'ubushyuhe: ibirangi by'imbuto
· Kurwanya ibyatsi bibi: imyenda idashobora kuvomerwa
Igitambaro gikingira imyaka, igitambaro cyo mu kigero cy'imyaka, igitambaro cyo kuhira, amarido yo gukingira n'ibindi.
Ubuhinzi: igitwikirizo cy'ibimera;
2, Inganda
Mu nganda nyinshi, geotextile idaboshye ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gukingira, gutwikira, no nk'imashini ziyungurura. Bitewe n'imbaraga zazo zo gukurura, zikora neza cyane mu nganda.
2-1, Imyenda idakoze mu nganda
ibikoresho byo gushimangira, ibikoresho byo gusiga, ibikoresho byo kuyungurura, ibikoresho byo gukingira, imifuka ya sima, imitako ya geotextile, umwenda wo gupfuka n'ibindi.
2-2, Imodoka n'Ubwikorezi
Imitako y'imbere: imitako y'inkweto, udushashi tw'ibikapu, imitako y'umutwe, ibipfukisho by'intebe, igipfukisho cyo hasi, imitako n'amata, gusimbuza ifuro.
Ubwikorezi: ubwirinzi bw'ubushyuhe bw'ibyuka n'ubushyuhe bwa moteri, imigozi y'inyuma y'imodoka, udupfundikizo tw'ibanga.
Imikorere y'ikinyabiziga: ibyuma biyungurura peteroli n'umwuka, plastike zikonjeshwa na fibre (ibice by'umubiri), feri z'indege.
3, Inganda z'ubwubatsi
Ibicuruzwa muri uru rwego akenshi biraramba kandi ni imyenda minini cyane. Ikoreshwa ririmo;
· Gufata neza ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe: ibisenge n'amatafari, ubushyuhe n'urusaku
· Imiterere: Ishingiro n'ishyirwaho ry'ubutaka
4. Ibikoresho byo mu rugo
Ibikomoka muri uru rwego bikunze gukoreshwa nk'ibiyungurura kandi bishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe runaka harimo;
- Amasabune/amakoropesho
- Imifuka yo gusukura ibikoresho by'umwuka
- Ibitambaro byo kumesa
- Ibikoresho byo mu gikoni n'iby'abafana
- Imifuka y'icyayi n'ikawa
- Akayunguruzo ka kawa
- Amashuka n'ibitambaro byo ku meza
Kubaka ibikoresho: Ibikoresho bikingira ikirere ku maboko no mu mugongo, imitako, imitako, imitako yo kudoda, ibikoresho byo kudoda ku mpande, n'ibindi bikoresho byo mu nzu.
Uburyo bwo kuryama: Inyuma y'igitambaro, ibice bya matelas, ibipfukisho bya matelas.
Ibikoresho: amadirishya, ibipfukisho byo ku rukuta no hasi, imitako y'amatapi, imitako y'amatara
5. Imyenda ikoreshwa mu myenda idafunze
Imitako, imitako ifatana, uduce duto, imyambarire y’ipamba, ubwoko bwose bw’imyenda y’uruhu ikoze mu nganda n’ibindi.
· Kwirinda ku giti cyawe: ubushyuhe bukingira, inkongi y'umuriro, gukata, gukomeretsa, udukoko, indwara zitera indwara, ivumbi, imiti y'uburozi n'ibyago byangiza ubuzima, imyenda y'akazi igaragara cyane.
6, Ubuvuzi n'Ubuzima
Mu buvuzi no mu buvuzi, ibikoresho bidafite ubudodo bikoreshwa cyane cyane, kuko byoroshye kubisukura. Ibikoresho bikoresha cyane cyane mu gukora udupfukamunwa two kwisiga, udutambaro two kwihanagura, udupfukamunwa, imyenda yo kubaga n'ibindi.
Ibikomoka muri uru rwego ahanini bikoreshwa mu gusohora ibicuruzwa kandi birimo;
· Kurwanya kwandura (kubaga): ingofero, amakanzu, udupfukamunwa n'inkweto zitwikiriwe,
· Gukira ibikomere: siponji, imyenda yo gupfuka no guhanagura.
· Imiti ivura: Gutanga imiti iva mu ruhu, gupakira imiti ishyushya
7, Geosynthetics
- Igisenge cya asphalt
- Gutuza ubutaka
- Imiyoboro y'amazi
- Gutwika no kurwanya isuri
- Amabati yo mu cyuzi
8, Kuyungurura
Akayunguruzo k'umwuka na gaze
Amavuta - amavuta, byeri, amata, ibinyobwa bikonjesha, imitobe y'imbuto….
Akayunguruzo ka karuboni gakoreshwa
Inkomoko n'Ibyiza by'imyenda idafunze
Inkomoko y'imyenda idafunze ntabwo ari nziza cyane. Mu by'ukuri, yaturutse ku kongera gukoresha imyanda ya fibre cyangwa insinga nziza zasigaye mu nganda nko kuboha cyangwa gutunganya uruhu. Yanaturutse ku kubuza ibikoresho fatizo, urugero, mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose na nyuma yayo cyangwa nyuma yaho mu bihugu byayobowe n'abakomunisiti mu Burayi bwo Hagati. Iyi nkomoko iciriritse kandi ihenze birumvikana ko itera amakosa amwe n'amwe mu bya tekiniki n'ubucuruzi; ahanini niyo nyirabayazana w'imyumvire ibiri ikiri mishya ku myenda idafunze: ifatwa nk'isimbura (ihendutse); benshi banayihuza n'ibicuruzwa bishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cyo gukoresha, bityo bakaba barabonaga ko imyanda idafunze ari ibintu bihendutse kandi bifite ubuziranenge buke.
Si ibikoresho byose bidafite ubudodo birangira mu buryo bworoshye gukoreshwa. Igice kinini cy'umusaruro ni uwo gukoresha mu buryo burambye, nko mu bisenge, mu gisenge, mu byo gutwikiramo ibintu, mu modoka cyangwa mu byo gutwikira hasi n'ibindi. Ariko, ibikoresho byinshi bidafite ubudodo cyane cyane ibyoroshye bikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho bidashobora gukoreshwa cyangwa bigashyirwa mu bintu bidashobora gukoreshwa. Mu bitekerezo byacu, iki ni cyo kimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'imikorere myiza. Gukoresha ibikoresho bihendutse bishoboka gusa ku bikoresho bihendutse byibanda ku miterere n'imikorere by'ingenzi kandi bikabitanga nta byifuzo bitari ngombwa.
Ibintu byinshi bitaboshye, byaba ibyo gukoresha cyangwa bitaboshye, ni ibikoresho bigezweho kandi bikora neza, urugero nk'ibifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura cyane cyangwa kubika imyenda, cyangwa byoroshye, bifite ubushobozi bwo gukata no kutagira imiterere y'amazi ku bikoreshwa mu isuku, bifite imiterere igaragara yo gukoresha mu buvuzi mu cyumba cyo kubaga, cyangwa uburyo bwiza bwo kuyungurura bitewe n'ingano y'imyenge yabyo n'uburyo bikwirakwira, nibindi. Ntabwo byakozwe hagamijwe ko bikoreshwa ahubwo byakozwe kugira ngo byuzuze ibindi bisabwa. Byakoreshejwe ahanini bitewe n'urwego bikoreshwamo (isuku, ubuvuzi) n'uburyo bifata amafaranga menshi. Kandi uburyo bwo gukoresha akenshi butera inyungu y'inyongera ku bakoresha. Kubera ko ibintu bikoreshwa bitarigeze bikoreshwa mbere, hari icyizere cy'uko bifite imiterere yose isabwa aho gukoresha imyenda ikoreshwa mu kumesa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 18-2018